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Formative assessment comprises techniques that are used to monitor ºÚÁÏÉçÇø learning and to provide ongoing feedback. The aim of formative assessment is to provide information on ºÚÁÏÉçÇø struggles that can be acted on immediately.

Different types of formative assessment include:

• Asking ºÚÁÏÉçÇøs to draw a concept map on a lecture topic or research topic.
• Having ºÚÁÏÉçÇøs articulate the important concepts of a lecture.
• Having ºÚÁÏÉçÇø submit a research proposal or draft outline for early feedback.

Angelo and Cross (book available in CTE library) have written extensively on formative classroom techniques.

Summative Assessments

Summative assessment is used to understand ºÚÁÏÉçÇø learning at the end of a class or instructional unit.

Information is used to to gauge achievement of ºÚÁÏÉçÇø learning outcomes for the course and/or specific assignment at hand.